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Pengaruh Kecerdasan Emosional Terhadap Work-Life Balance, Kepuasan Kerja, Komitmen Organisasional Dan Intention To Leave : Studi pada Perawat Rumah Sakit Umum Swasta di Malang Raya
RINGKASAN
Christien Adriani Karambut, Program Doktor Ilmu Administrasi, Universitas Brawijaya, 2015. Pengaruh Kecerdasan Emosional terhadap Work-Life Balance, Kepuasan Kerja, Komitmen Organisasional dan Intention to Leave (Studi pada Perawat Rumah Sakit Umum Swasta di Malang Raya). Promotor: Umar Nimran, Ko-Promotor: M. Al Musadieq dan Kusdi Raharjo.
Setiap orang mempunyai hak yang sama dalam memperoleh akses atas sumber daya di bidang kesehatan (UU No. 36 Tahun 2009). Rumah sakit diharapkan mampu memberikan pelayanan yang berkualitas dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat. Rumah sakit swasta adalah rumah sakit yang dikelola oleh badan hukum berbentuk Perseroan Terbatas atau Persero dengan tujuan memperoleh profit (UU No. 44 Tahun 2009). Mutu pelayanan keperawatan di rumah sakit swasta lebih optimal dibandingkan rumah sakit pemerintah, karena ketatnya sistem evaluasi, pengawasan, pemberian penghargaan serta sanksi terhadap pelanggaran aturan yang telah ditetapkan. Pelayanan yang optimal didukung dengan adanya sumber daya manusia yang berkualitas (Widodo dkk., 2009). Perawat merupakan sumber daya manusia yang dominan dalam melaksanakan tugas pelayanan keperawatan (Swansburg, 2000).
Perawat adalah tenaga profesional yang mempunyai dedikasi untuk dapat memberi pelayanan yang berkualitas. Pelayanan keperawatan merupakan bagian integral dari pelayanan kesehatan di rumah sakit yang mempunyai peranan besar terhadap pencapaian efisiensi, kualitas dan citra rumah sakit di mata masyarakat. Perawat memiliki beban kerja mental yang cukup tinggi, yaitu 70,1% (Maghfiroh dan Mifbakhuddin, 2015) sehingga dibutuhkan kecerdasan emosional yang baik. Bagi perawat kecerdasan emosional merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Perawat yang memiliki kecerdasan emosional tinggi akan mampu memotivasi diri sendiri dan mengelola emosi serta memiliki hubungan baik dengan orang lain (Goleman, 2000). Dengan adanya kecerdasan emosional yang tinggi, membuat seseorang mampu menyeimbangkan waktu antara pekerjaan dan tanggung jawab terhadap keluarga secara bersamaan (Greenhaus et al., 2003), mampu menciptakan suasana kerja yang menyenangkan sehingga mempengaruhi kepuasan dalam menjalani pekerjaan (Patra, 2004), cenderung memiliki perasaan lebih terikat secara emosional pada organisasi (Lee, 2010) serta memiliki intention to leave yang rendah (Jain, 2009).
Salah satu penyebab seseorang memiliki intention to leave yang tinggi adalah rendahnya komitmen organisasional (Allen et al., 1990). Komitmen organisasional rendah antara lain disebabkan rendahnya kepuasan kerja, seseorang dengan kepuasan yang kerja tinggi akan memiliki sikap positif terhadap pekerjaannya dan hal tersebut diwujudkan dengan komitmen organisasional yang tinggi pula (Robbins, 2015). Jika kepuasan kerja tidak terpenuhi maka akan menimbulkan intention to leave. Selain itu, work-life balance juga dapat mempengaruhi komitmen organisasional karena work-life balance menunjukkan kemampuan seseorang yang memiliki komitmen dan tanggung jawab seimbang antara pekerjaan dan diluar pekerjaan (Parkes & Langford, 2008). Seseorang yang tidak mampu memenuhi tuntutan peran terhadap pekerjaan ataupun keluarga dengan seimbang, ada kemungkinan memiliki intention to leave yang tinggi (Clark, 2000). Dengan demikian, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji dan menjelaskan pengaruh kecerdasan emosional terhadap work-life balance, kepuasan kerja, komitmen organisasional dan intention to leave. Pengaruh work-life balance terhadap kepuasan kerja, komitmen organisasional dan intention to leave. Pengaruh kepuasan kerja terhadap komitmen organisasional dan intention to leave serta pengaruh komitmen organisasional terhadap intention to leave.
Kecerdasan emosional merupakan variabel eksogen sedangkan work-life balance, kepuasan kerja, komitmen organisasional dan intention to leave adalah variabel endogen. Intention to leave merupakan pengaruh yang ditimbulkan dari rendahnya kepuasan kerja (Faris et al., 2010) dan komitmen organisasional (Lum et al., 1998). Selain itu, seseorang yang memiliki kecerdasan emosional tinggi akan mempengaruhi rendahnya keinginan untuk mencari pekerjaan yang baru (Jain, 2009). Demikian pula, work-life balance memiliki peran penting dalam menurunkan intention to leave (Deery & Jago, 2009). Intention to leave merupakan pengaruh atau dampak yang ditimbulkan dari rendahnya kepuasan kerja dan komitmen organisasional, serta kecerdasan emosional dan work-life balance.
Penelitian ini dilakukan pada tujuh rumah sakit umum swasta di Malang Raya yang telah beroperasi minimal lima tahun. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah perawat yang telah bekerja minimal tiga tahun, kemudian ditetapkan sampel sebanyak 253 responden dengan menggunakan rumus Slovin. Pengambilan sampel dengan cara proporsional random sampling. Jenis penelitian adalah explanatory dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dan inferensial dengan menggunakan Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA) dengan variabel bebas kecerdasan emosional dan variabel terikat work-life balance, kepuasan kerja, komitmen organisasional dan intention to leave. Kuesioner disusun berdasarkan variabel penelitian yang terdiri dari variabel kecerdasan emosional yang diadopsi dari Wong & Law (2002) dengan 12 item pernyataan, variabel work-life balance diadopsi dari McDonald & Bradley (2005) dengan 6 item pernyataan, variabel kepuasan kerja diadopsi dari Luthans (2006) dengan 10 item pernyataan, variabel komitmen organisasional diadopsi dari Allen & Mayer (1990) dengan 12 item pernyataan serta variabel intention to leave yang diadopsi dari Mobley et al., (1978) dengan 6 item pernyataan. Total 46 item pernyataan yang bersifat tertutup.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1) Kecerdasan emosional berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap work-life balance, 2) Kecerdasan emosional berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja, 3) Kecerdasan emosional berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasional; 4) Kecerdasan emosional berpengaruh negatif tidak signifikan terhadap intention to leave; 5) Work-life balance berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja, 6) Work-life balance berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasional; 7) Work-life balance berpengaruh negatif tidak signifikan terhadap intention to leave 8) Kepuasan kerja berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasional 9) Kepuasan kerja berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap intention to leave, 10) Komitmen organisasional berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap intention to leave. Terdapat empat pengaruh yang tidak signifikan, namun demikian, setelah dilakukan pengujian pengaruh tidak langsung, maka Kecerdasan emosional berpengaruh signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasional dan intention to leave melalui kepuasan kerja. Demikian pula work-life balance berpengaruh signifikan terhadap komitmen organisasional dan intention to leave melalui kepuasan kerja. Hasil lain dari penelitian ini menyatakan variabel yang paling dominan mempengaruhi komitmen organisasional dan intention to leave adalah kepuasan kerja serta variabel yang paling dominan mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja adalah kecerdasan emosional. Sementara itu, kecerdasan emosional paling dominan mempengaruhi work-life balance dan work-life balance paling dominan mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja perawat. Hasil penelitian ini juga menjelaskan bahwa kepuasan kerja merupakan mediator sempurna untuk meningkatkan komitmen organisasional sehingga mengurangi intention to leave.
SUMMARY
Christien Adriani Karambut, Doctoral Program of Administrative Sciences, Brawijaya University, 2015. The Influence of Emotional Intelligence on Work-Life Balance, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment and Intention to Leave (Study on Nurses of Private Hospitals in Greats Malang). Promoter: Umar Nimran, Co-Promoter: M. Al Musadieq and Kusdi Raharjo.
Everyone has the same rights to gain access to resources in the health sector (Law No. 36 of 2009). The hospital is expected to be able to provide excellent health services to fulfill the needs of the community. Private hospitals are hospitals that are managed by a legal entity in the form of a Limited Liability Company or Persero with the aim of obtaining a profit (Law No. 44 of 2009). The quality of nursing services in private hospitals is better than government hospitals’ quality of nursing services, due to the strict system of evaluation, supervision, awarding and sanctions for violations of established rules. Good quality of nursing services are supported by the existence of good and qualified human resources (Widodo et al., 2009). Nurses are the dominant human resource in carrying out nursing service tasks (Swansburg, 2000).
Nurses are professionals dedicated to provide excellent nursing services. Nursing services are an integral part of health services in hospitals that have a major role to achieve efficiency, quality and the image of the hospital in the community. Nurses have a high mental workload, it’s about 70.1% (Maghfiroh and Mifbakhuddin, 2015) so that good emotional intelligence is needed. For nurses, emotional intelligence is very important. Nurses having high emotional intelligence are able to motivate themselves and to manage emotions and have good relationships with others (Goleman, 2000). With high emotional intelligence, a person is able to balance time between work and family responsibilities simultaneously (Greenhaus et al., 2003), is able to create a pleasant work atmosphere so that it affects job satisfaction (Patra, 2004), and tend to have more emotionally feeling attached to the organization (Lee, 2010) and a low intention to leave the organization (Jain, 2009). In this study, intention to leave is the endogenous variable which is the intention of nurses to leave their jobs due to emotional intelligence, work-life balance, job satisfaction and organizational commitment..
One of the reasons for someone having a high intention to leave is organizational commitment (Allen et al., 1990). Low organizational commitment is caused by low job satisfaction. People with high job satisfaction will have a positive attitude towards their job and this is manifested by high organizational commitment as well (Robbins, 2015). If job satisfaction is not fulfilled it will cause the intention to leave. In addition, work-life balance can also affect organizational commitment because work-life balance shows the ability of someone who has a balanced commitment and responsibility between work and outside of work (Parkes & Langford, 2008). A person who is not able to balance between the role of work or family, so he has a high possibility of having a high intention to leave (Clark, 2000). Thus, the aim of this study is to examine and to explain emotional intelligence, work-life balance, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to leave. The effect of work-life balance on job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to leave. The effect of job satisfaction on organizational commitment and intention to leave and organizational influence on the intention to leave.
Emotional intelligence is an exogenous variable while work-life balance, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to leave are the endogenous variables. Intention to leave is the impact of low job satisfaction (Faris et al., 2010) and organizational commitment (Lum et al., 1998). In addition, someone who has high emotional intelligence will affect the low desire to find a new job (Jain, 2009). Likewise, work-life balance has an important role in reducing intention to leave (Deery & Jago, 2009). Intention to leave is the influence or impact resulting from low job satisfaction and organizational commitment, as well as emotional intelligence and work-life balance.
This research was conducted at three public private hospitals in greats Malang, two hospitals in Malang City and two hospitals in Batu City which have been operating for at least five years. The population in this study were nurses who have been working for at least three years, then a sample of 253 respondents were determined using the Slovin formula. Sampling was carried out by using proportional random sampling. This type of research is explanatory with a quantitative approach. The data analysis technique was carried out descriptively and inferentially using Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA) with the exogenous variable was emotional intelligence and the endogenous variables were work-life balance, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intention to leave. The questionnaire was compiled based on research variables consisting of emotional intelligence variables adopted from Wong & Law (2002) with 12 statement items, work-life balance variables adopted from McDonald & Bradley (2005) with 6 statement items, job satisfaction variables adopted from Luthans (2006) with 10 statement items, the organizational commitment variable was adopted from Allen & Mayer (1990) with 12 statement items and the intention to leave variable adopted from Mobley et al., (1978) with 6 statement items. A total of 46 closed statement items.
The results showed: 1) Emotional intelligence has a significant positive effect on work-life balance, 2) Emotional intelligence has a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, 3) Emotional intelligence has a positive and insignificant effect on organizational commitment; 4) Emotional intelligence has a negative and insignificant effect on intention to leave; 5) Work-life balance has a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, 6) Work-life balance has no significant positive effect on organizational commitment; 7) Work-life balance has no significant negative effect on intention to leave 8) Job satisfaction has a significant positive effect on organizational commitment 9) Job satisfaction has a significant negative effect on intention to leave, 10) Organizational commitment has a negative and significant effect on intention to leave. There are four insignificant effects, however, after testing the indirect effect, emotional intelligence has a significant effect on organizational commitment and intention to leave through job satisfaction. Likewise, work-life balance has a significant effect on organizational commitment and intention to leave through job satisfaction. Another result of this study states that the most dominant variable affecting organizational commitment and intention to leave is job satisfaction and the most dominant variable affecting job satisfaction is emotional intelligence. Meanwhile, emotional intelligence has the most dominant influence on work-life balance and work-life balance has the most dominant influence on job satisfaction of nurses. The results of this study also explain that job satisfaction is the perfect mediator to increase organizational commitment, thereby reducing intention to leave.
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